Gastric Ulcer caused by bacteria

Australian scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren have won this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for proving that stomach ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Despite initial resistance from fellow members of the medical community, their discovery has revolutionized the treatment of ulcers.

Plain-speaking Barry Marshall has been a hero for years in his native Perth, in Western Australia. But in the years after his 1982 discovery he was dismissed as a young upstart, pushing a hypothesis that lacked credibility.

At the time, ulcers were treated with drugs to curb acid secretion in the stomach. The drugs worked well, and acidity was thought to be central to the condition - patients had previously been advised to drink milk and take antacids. But Warren, the more retiring of the duo, had noticed the presence of spiral-shaped bacteria in biopsy samples from ulcered stomachs, and saw that they were always accompanied by signs of inflammation. Warren recruited the young medical intern Marshall to work with him at the Royal Perth Hospital, in an attempt to isolate and culture the bacteria. The bacteria looked like Campylobacter, a newly discovered family known to cause gut infection in poultry. Marshall's repeated attempts to culture it early in 1982 failed, however - until the Easter holidays, when the culture plates were accidentally left in the incubator over a four-day break. This did the trick.

The problem, it turned out, was that H. pylori grows exceptionally slowly, and earlier attempts had simply been abandoned too early. The bacteria was then shown not to be Campylobacter at all, but an entirely new genus.

Marshall and Warren went on to show that patients with ulcers could be successfully treated with antibiotics. And unlike patients treated with acid-suppressing drugs, their ulcers did not return.
Fellow gastroenterologists nevertheless continued to resist the idea. Francis M?graud, a bacteriologist at the University of Bordeaux II in France, remembers attending the 1988 Pan American Congress of Gastroenterology and hearing physicians on the bus discussing the idea in tones of outrage. "They seemed insulted, saying, 'We are being asked to treat stomach ulcers with antibiotics, as if it were gonorrhoea!'," he recalls. "It was really hard for them to accept that the disease could be a simple infection."

Drug companies profiting from the lucrative anti-ulcer drug market also resisted the idea, says M?graud, who is also secretary of the European Helicobacter pylori Study Group. Even some bacteriologists were at first suspicious - the highly acidic stomach seemed too hostile an environment to host bugs.

In frustration, Marshall even undertook the ultimate cause-and-effect experiment. He swallowed a solution containing the bacteria, and a week later suffered an aggressive attack of the kind of gastritis that leads to ulcer.

Nakkali medicine in Nepal.

helicobacter pylori has unique way of adapting even in concentrated acid and gallon of gastric juice. it posses enzyme urease which create a cloud of acid around itself ,neutralizing chemicals around it and protecting it from the acid in the stomach.
and as we all know gastric ulcer is the breaking of normal linning of stomach. when the mucous of stomach is destroyed thn too much of acid worsen the ulcer.h.pylori is the highly risk factor whereas acids promotes the ulcer .both acid and bacteria will irritate the linning of stomach and duodenum, which may further lead to perforation,bleeding etc etc.
so no more titaura , pickle and spicy food for rose sis!
most h.pylori are silent in many people and produce no symptom.


*smilies*heii pundit ! thanks for starting this thread. i got to review few points!and good luck with ur research! *ashish *

~*ruIna*~

so no more titaura , pickle and spicy food for rose sis!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first thing i put while cooking is khursani :D ke ko no spicy ni? :P

Nepalaaa sab ka sab le gyastic bho gyastic bho bhanchan ni. Yahi ho?

Thanks, Ruina bajjai ,
By the way, this is not the topic of my research. This article was published in the "Nature" which is not accessible to general public. But Nepalese (including myself unless i got to read this) has so misconception about the Gastric and Ulcer related to it,
I thought it would be good to share the news.

Chat - gastric is due to intake of lots of spicy food with masalas and pepper and titaura ;)
but it will go soon if u drink milk or some alkaline stuff. Simple acid-base reaction.
* Rest of the info is in the article*

View/Share this post only

here you for news details about helicobacter

Nature 437, 801 (6 October 2005)
Gut feeling secures medical Nobel for Australian doctors

Alison Abbott


Abstract

Microbiologists win for proving link between bacteria and stomach ulcers.

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren have won this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for discovering that most stomach ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Despite original resistance to the findings, their work at the Royal Perth Hospital has revolutionized the treatment of gastric disease.

Plain-speaking Barry Marshall has long been a folk hero in his native Australia. But in the years after his 1982 discovery, he was dismissed as an upstart who was pushing a hypothesis that had no credibility. That pushiness, combined with dogged determination and sharp insight, kept alive the heretical idea that gastric and duodenal ulcers could be caused by a bacterial infection.

At the time, ulcers were treated with drugs that reduced acid secretion in the stomach. The drugs worked, so acidity was assumed to cause ulcers. But pathologist Warren had noticed spiral-shaped bacteria in biopsies from ulcerous stomachs, and that these were always associated with inflammation. He was convinced that the bacteria were linked to the ulcers.

He recruited a young medical intern ? Marshall ? to isolate and grow the bacteria in culture. The bacteria looked like Campylobacter, a newly discovered family known to cause gut infection in poultry. But Marshall's initial attempts in 1982 failed ? until Easter, when culture plates were accidentally left over the four-day break. It turned out that the bacteria grow extremely slowly, and earlier attempts had simply been abandoned too soon. The bacteria were then shown not to be Campylobacter, but an entirely new genus, named Helicobacter.

Marshall and Warren went on to show that patients with ulcers can be treated with antibiotics. Unlike patients given acid-suppressing drugs, their ulcers do not return.

But gastroenterologists resisted the idea. Francis M?graud, a bacteriologist at the Victor Segalen University in Bordeaux, France, remembers attending the 1988 meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association in New Orleans and hearing outraged physicians. "They seemed insulted, saying, 'we are being asked to treat stomach ulcers with antibiotics, as if it were gonorrhoea!'" he says. "It was hard for them to accept that the disease could be a simple infection."

Drug companies that profited from the anti-ulcer drug market were also actively resistant, says M?graud, who is secretary of the European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group. Even some bacteriologists were suspicious ? the stomach had long been assumed too acidic to host bacteria.

In frustration, Marshall did the ultimate cause-and-effect experiment. He swallowed a solution containing the bacteria, and promptly came down with an aggressive attack of the sort of gastritis that leads to ulcers. "My colleagues were alarmed, and so was my wife," he recalls.

Marshall's forthright attacks on doubters did little to soften critics. Their prejudices were deepened by his youth, and the fact that Perth had no strong academic reputation. "Fortunately, I'm very thick-skinned," he says. "There was also an advantage to being isolated in Perth. I don't think I realized just how heavy the opposition was."

His untiring advocacy, and further research with Warren, subsequently repeated and extended around the world, eventually won the day. In 1991, a meeting of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, formally declared the link between H. pylori and gastric disease.

It is now accepted that most gastric ulcers are caused by H. pylori. The bacterium is usually acquired in childhood, being transferred through faeces or vomit between family members. It then lies dormant until adulthood. Untreated cases can lead to gastric cancer.
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Marijuana Users are incresing their neurons of brain and being active . Isnt that awesome, i wonder why MAHADEV is brainy. ;) who can demolish TRIPUR made by one of the demon (as it comes in Swasthani) in a fraction of a milisecond by aimiing with his specially equipped ARROW.
Here it goes guys. Read the article, its from NATURE again.

****Marijuana may make your brain grow********
Cannabinoid injections sprout new neurons in mice.

Geoff Brumfiel

Most addictive drugs inhibit the growth of new brain cells. But injections of a cannabis-like chemical seem to have the opposite effect in mice, according to new research. Experts say that the results, if borne out by further studies, could have far-reaching implications for addiction research and the application of marijuana in medicine.

For several years now, researchers have been interested in how drugs affect a part of the brain known as the hippocampus. This region is unusual in that it can grow new neurons throughout a person's lifetime. Researchers have theorized that these new cells help to improve memory while combating depression and mood disorders.

Many drugs, such as heroin, cocaine and alcohol, inhibit the growth of new cells in the hippocampus, which scientists believe could emotionally destabilize addicts. Understanding how drugs affect the hippocampus may have a critical role in treating addiction.
Neuropsychologist Xia Zhang and a team of researchers based at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada, aimed to find out just how marijuana-like drugs, known collectively as cannabinoids, act on the brain.

Expanding the mind

The researchers injected rats with HU210, a synthetic drug that is about one-hundred times as powerful as THC, the high-inducing compound naturally found in marijuana. They then used a chemical tracer to watch new cells growing in the hippocampus.

They found that HU210 seemed to induce new brain cell growth, just as some antidepressant drugs do, they report in the Journal of Clinical Investigation1. This suggests that they could potentially be used to reduce anxiety and depression, Zhang says. He adds that the research might help to create new cannabinoid-based treatments.

"I think it's a very exciting study," says Amelia Eisch, an addiction researcher at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. "It makes marijuana look more like an antidepressant and less like a drug of abuse."

Eisch adds that much more work must be done before scientists can reach any definitive conclusions about the benefits and costs of marijuana. First and foremost, researchers need to establish that THC has the same positive effects as the synthetic HU210. Then they must develop more sophisticated experiments to firm up the correlation between neuron growth in the hippocampus and emotional balance.

Finally, she says, scientists must understand why cannabinoids have a different effect on the brain than other addictive drugs.

Although his findings point to potential benefits of smoking pot, Zhang says that he does not endorse its use. "Marijuana has been used for medicine and recreation for thousands of years," he says. "But it can also lead to addiction."

He says his group's next studies will examine this more unpleasant side of the drug. Other addiction researchers will be keenly interested in the results, because this cannibinoid acts so differently on the hippocampus than other drugs.

KEEP ROLLING GUYS

I actually ran a test...to see if the spices (different kinds) affect the helicobacter pylori .......most of the spices i tried however didn't seem to have any affect in reducing these bacterias. It would have been something to see if one of them really affected in such a way or vice versa

BishnuAvatar,
Your story sounds really amazing. Your story encouraged me to buy ayurved pachak, in which I never believed before.

I have little different problem and I am not sure what problem I have and what type of gastric I am suffering from. Four years ago, I was diagnosed with H. pylori bacteria. I took antibiotics and it's got better for a few months. Then, as a young man, I started to smoke, drink and eat spicy food because I wanted to live normal life. However, now I quiet smoking completely and cut back on drinking and eating spicy food.

The symptoms came back after few months. My symtoms are kind of weird. I don't have any abdominal or any pain. I am mostly suffereing from acid reflux problem and I believe food indigestion. After I eat meals, I get a lot of burping and at times, I feel like vomiting while burping. However, I manage not to vomit. Sometimes, I get nauseous. When I have acid reflux, it's not sour. It's more like the food I just had is coming out of my mouth. I take Tums to alleviate my symtoms, and I try not to move anywhere after I eat. Also I have constipation problem.

I went to see many doctors with my symtoms. You know almost all doctors put me through their stupid tests. I did C-scan, ultra-sound, Barium Swallow test, endoscopy, and all... Everything looks normal for them so far. I am not frustrated and mostly ignoring this now.

After reading this thread I am giving thought on trying that Pachak thing. Do you think that would be helpful to me?

Also, please share your experience whoever reads this. Thanks.

The rise and growth of Tibet
Andreas Mulch and C. Page Chamberlain
It is not difficult to be impressed by the grandeur of high mountainous regions, but it is difficult to reconstruct how the elevation of such regions evolved. A study of the Tibetan plateau does just that. Is Everest now at its highest point, or was it once even loftier? What was the greatest height attained by the vast highlands of the Tibetan plateau, and when did this occur? As described elsewhere in this issue by Rowley and Currie (page 677)1, these questions can be tackled — if not yet answered definitively — by analysing the isotopic composition of ancient raindrops. With this approach, the authors show that Tibet continuously grew northward over millions of years in response to the thickening of Earth’s crust associated with the collision of the Indian and Asian continental plates. The driving forces for this collision are generated deep in Earth’s mantle. But the key to unravelling the uplifting history of the central Tibetan plateau is found in lake sediments
on the plateau, some of which formed as long ago as 40 million years.
In these lakes and their surrounds, changes in the oxygenisotope composition of surface
water (which is controlled by regional climate and elevation) are recorded in sediments. Systematic variations in oxygen-isotope composition across the plateau reveal that spatially variable uplift of the
plateau to 4,000 metres or more above sea level was intimately linked to the timing and rates of convergence of India and Asia (Fig. 1). Rowley and Currie1 estimate that uplift to 4,000 metres was initiated as long ago as 40 million to 50 million years, in the early stages of that convergence.
The evolution of mountain topography reflects the balance between tectonic forces in Earth’s crust and upper mantle, and climatically driven erosion at Earth’s surface. Their relative role in controlling the rise of mountains remains unclear2,3, but the problem can be approached by reconstructing the elevation history of large continental plateaux. Such studies can improve our understanding of the coupling between tectonics and long-term climate change. For example, the Tibetan plateau — the largest continental highland on Earth — is a major barrier to air flow in the atmosphere, and it has been suggested that uplift of the plateau triggered the onset of the Indian summer monsoon3. The chemical fingerprint of rain and snow that precipitated on the Tibetan plateau is found in the oxygen-isotope composition of calcareous minerals in Tibetan lake sediments.
This is expressed as _18O, which is the 18O/16O ratio in the soils or sediments relative to the 18O/16O ratio in sea water. For example, the _18O of calcite formed in soils is related to the_18O of soilwater or groundwater by a temperature- dependent fractionation factor; so _18O in calcite formed in soil is a sensitive tracer of surface water that stems from precipitation.
The underlying principle of oxygen-isotope altimetry is that water that precipitates as rain or snow becomes increasingly depleted in 18O the higher up a mountain range that it falls4; systematic changes in _18O with elevation can then be used to infer relative elevation differences between the water source in the ocean and the elevation at which the rain or snow fell5,6. In the context of earlier isotopic studies6,7, the low _18O values of carbonates found by Rowley and Currie1 across the central Tibetan
plateau reflect the south–north migration of high terrain in response to crustal thickening and the buoyant rise of Earth’s surface. This finding agrees with the results of thermomechanical modelling for the growth and uplift history of the Tibetan plateau8. It was proposed previously that the present stature of Tibet reflects tectonic processes involving thinning and delamination of Earth’s crust and mantle during the Miocene (10 million to 8 million years ago)3. But it has since been suggested9,10 that the sequential rise and northward growth of Tibet started much earlier than that, in Eocene times, about 50 million years ago. The new results1 support this idea that the Tibetan plateau is a long-standing topographic feature that arose from the collision between India and Asia, and is not the more recent product of other, deeper-seated processes. The results also show that stable isotopic data from sedimentary sequences do indeed record the long-term, high-elevation history of the plateau, and can provide absolute elevation constraints at various times in the geological history of such a topographic feature. Moreover, taken in conjunction with independent estimates of palaeoelevation11, this approach overcomes some of the limitations in deciphering the competing effects of climate and elevation
change in the past. Only slowly are we making progress in understanding how the interactions of surface uplift, bedrock erosion and sediment transport create dynamic feedbacks between the biosphere, the atmosphere and the crust and upper mantle. However, new techniques for estimating palaeoaltimetry that relate processes at various levels of Earth’s crust, from the surface to deeper regions where high-temperature deformation causes rock flow, will allow us to develop a more dynamic view of how mountain ranges change their shape and stature. Such techniques exploit elevation- dependent changes in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere12, or the isotopic composition of surface waters that circulate deep in Earth’s interior during the late tectonic evolution of mountain ranges13. Deciphering the oxygen-isotope record in lake and soil deposits requires careful consideration of the competing effects of climate change and changes in surface elevation. The application of multi-proxy isotopic systems, which take account of both surface and deeper Earth environments, can complement such studies and greatly enhance our predictive capabilities in such a task. ■ Andreas Mulch and C. Page Chamberlain are in the Department of Geological and Environmental
Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. e-mail: mulch@pangea.stanford.edu

डाक्टर ज्यू हरुलाई मेरो एउटा genuine प्रश्न है (मलाई नै recently परिराखेको - र अरु पनि साथीहरु भुक्तभोगि होलान र धेरै ज्ञानगुनका कुराहरु पनि जान्न पाईएला भनेर generic रुपमा नै सोधेको नि, अनि educative धागो लागेर अगाडि बढाउन पनि मन लाग्यो के यो धागोलाई )

what is the maximum/minimum/optimum time that one should be snoring since after sleeping (let me rephrase it, ...one should be sleeping since after lying down and pulling the blanket over- यसरी भन्नु पर्ने हो कि ) ? is there any such time-bracket kind of thing, and if yes - is that a serious health-issue?

केही दिन भयो जहिले पनि राति-राति लेट बस्ने अनि दिउसो दिउसो सुत्ने - उल्लु (लाटोकोसेरो) जस्तो भईयो है, केही रमाईलो उपाय थियो कि फेरि मान्छे जस्तै हुने ? internet-factor पनि दोषी छ, अझ मुख्य गुन्डा त साझा नै हो । राति निद्रै नलाग्ने, दिउसो dizzy भई राख्ने । आफ्नो body-clock नै reset भए जस्तो छ, बेटरी हाल्नी खाले भए जस्तो पनि मान्दिन बेटरी फेरम् भन्नलाई पनि, पहिले पहिले को एचएमटी बटारेर चाबी दिने खाले भए जस्तो पनि मान्दिन :) औटमिटिङ्ग नै हुन पर्ने होईन र?

Keep rolling...

आच्! नि ओ, हाम्रो सिरी को समस्या त सारो गहिरो पो र छ, के हि गर्नु परो ।

shree, once in a blue moon bhanchan ni tyo ke naam chari gym tira chihaune gare, thakaile bhutukka parcha- ma ta mero agadi ko suteko cha ni thaha paunna :P

DC_Girl,
हवस्, जान्छु अब म पनि जीमखाना ....

Keep rollling...

How does Google Earth work?
Short cuts bring the globe to your screen without crashing your computer. by Declan Butler
The globe-imaging software Google Earth has become a cult web product since its release last June. Using the web-based tool, users can fly around the globe and zoom in on both natural features and whole worlds of information added by other users (see 'The web-wide world').
But how is it possible for you to zoom in from outer space to a point somewhere above the rooftop of your house without bringing your desktop computer to a grinding halt?
The main obstacle to a convincing three-diménsional skydive is data transfer. If one were to download over the Internet a one-metre resolution image of the entire world it would take 69 years with a 10-megabit-per-second Internet connection, and 12,400 years with a standard 56K modem.
To slash the amount of data they have to transmit across the Internet, virtual globes such as Google Earth approximate the sphere of the planet's surface with a polygon made up of flat tiles. The further away your viewpoint is from the surface, the fewer tiles are needed to create the illusion of roundness, and the lower the resolution of these tiles can be.

As you zoom in, the computer explodes each tile into smaller sub-tiles, each with higher resolution, and re-forms the polygon into a ball. The process continues as you zoom. This means that the virtual globe only has to download high-resolution data when the viewer is actively zooming towards it. Virtual globes also use another trick to speedthings up further: a disk cache. Images for places you have already looked at are stored locally on your hard drive, so when you fly over this area again the software does not need to re-download the images, but instead quickly calls them up from your hard disk. Google Earth was designed by Keyhole, a software company that Google bought in 2004. Many of the tricks it uses aren't unique: the tiling idea has been used by climate modellers, for example. But with good software and the speed of Google's enormous supercomputing platform, the results are impressive.
"I think Keyhole did a very good job," says Michael Goodchild, a geographer at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "There are some elegant design decisions in there."

2038 bug - a threat bigger than Y2K
The year-2038 bug is a threat similar to the Y2K bug in that it involves a time wrap not handled by programmers. In the case of Y2K, many older machines did not store the century digits of dates, hence the year 2000 and the year 1900 would appear the same.
Of course we now know that the prevalence of computers that would fail because of this error was greatly exaggerated by the media. Computer scientists were generally aware that most machines would continue operating as usual through the century turnover, with the worst result being an incorrect date. This prediction withstood through to the new millennium. Effected systems were tested and corrected in time, although the correction and verification of those systems was monumentally expensive.
There are however several other problems with date handling on machines in the world today. Some are less prevalent than others, but it is true that almost all computers suffer from one critical limitation. Most programs use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to work out their dates. Simply, UTC is the number of seconds elapsed since Jan 1 1970. A recent milestone was Sep 9 2001, where this value wrapped from 999'999'999 seconds to 1'000'000'000 seconds. Very few programs anywhere store time as a 9 digit number, and therefore this was not a problem.
Modern computers use a standard 4 byte integer for this second count. This is 31 bits, storing a value of 231. The remaining bit is the sign. This means that when the second count reaches 2147483647, it will wrap to -2147483648.
The precise date of this occurrence is Tue Jan 19 03:14:07 2038. At this time, a machine prone to this bug will show the time Fri Dec 13 20:45:52 1901, hence it is possible that the media will call this The Friday 13th Bug.
Solution:
Our 32-bit root servers currently use the FreeBSD 4.7 operating system. As with all Unix and Unix-like operating systems, time and dates in FreeBSD are represented internally as the number of seconds since the UNIX Epoch, which was the 1st of January 1970 GMT.
32-bit systems can only store a maximum of 231 non-negative seconds (2,147,483,648 seconds or about 68 years). Which means that 32-bit UNIX systems won't be able to process time beyond 19 Jan 2038 at 3:14:07 AM GMT.
One of the common solutions will be to switch to 64-bit architecture systems that can store a maximium of 263 non-negative seconds (9,223,372,036,854,775,808 [9.2 Quintillion] seconds or about 292.27 Billion years), which is about 22 times the estimated age of our universe!
For the curious: A switch to 128-bit architecture systems would yield a maximum of 2127 non-negative seconds (170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 [170 Undecillion] seconds), or about 18.4 Quintillion times as many as 64-bit systems

font size="+2"> 2038 bug - a threat bigger than Y2K

A

Punditji prawachan khoi?